The transformation of a traditional sector like construction can begin with the revolution of its materials, setting new milestones in architecture and providing innovative solutions that ensure sustainability and improve buildings.
These advances have redefined how infrastructures respond to their environment, facilitating their adaptation to various conditions. Smart materials, that react to factors such as temperature, light, and humidity, enable more efficient management of resources, improving internal comfort and prolonging the useful life of buildings while reducing operating costs.
In terms of safety, some of these compounds are able to detect structural problems and issue alerts, which paves the way to more resilient constructions. This capacity for self-regulation not only optimizes the performance of buildings, but also minimizes their environmental impact and contributes to raising the quality of life of those who live in them.
Next, we explore some of the most innovative smart materials and their impact on construction today.
Self-repairable concrete
Concrete is one of the most widely used materials in construction, but its tendency to develop cracks may compromise the integrity of structures. Self-repairable concrete contains bacteria, such as Bacillus pseudofirmus, which are activated upon contact with moisture. These bacteria, along with calcium lactate, are released upon the formation of a crack and secrete limestone, automatically sealing the fissures.
This material is especially useful in critical infrastructures such as bridges, dams, or tunnels, where cracks can have catastrophic consequences. In addition to improving safety, it reduces maintenance costs and prolongs the useful life of the structures, reducing the need for human intervention and contributing to sustainability.
Electrochromic glass
Electrochromic glass is an innovative solution that makes it possible to adjust its transparency using an electric current, transforming opaque windows into transparent ones with a simple click. This cutting-edge technology, which functions as a layered sandwich, optimizes thermal management and alleviates the burden on heating and cooling systems, enhancing energy efficiency. They are ideal for offices and laboratories, as they offer instant privacy. They also provide 99% ultraviolet protection (UV), so they avoid discoloration of objects and function as screens for projections.
Phase-Change Materials (PCM)
Phase-Change Materials are substances that absorb and release thermal energy to change state between solid and liquid. In the field of construction, these materials are integrated into panels and other components to regulate the temperature of buildings.
During the day, the PCM absorbs excess heat, which limits dependence on cooling systems. At night, when the temperature drops, they release stored heat, providing thermal comfort efficiently. This capacity to store and release heat contributes directly to energy savings, reducing the use of heating and cooling in residential and commercial buildings.
Self-cleaning paint
Self-cleaning paints contain titanium dioxide particles that break down dirt and contaminants when exposed to sunlight. This process drastically reduces the need for cleaning and maintenance, making it an ideal option for facades and exterior building surfaces. However, self-cleaning paints can also be used indoors, especially in well-lit areas, where it helps reduce dust accumulation and improve air quality.
In urban environments, where contamination and the accumulation of dirt are problematic, this paint can keep buildings in better condition for longer.
Photovoltaic materials and energy generators
One of the most notable trends in the field of smart materials is the development of compounds capable of generating energy. Beyond traditional photovoltaic solar panels, photovoltaic coatings and surfaces are being integrated into various architectural elements.
These innovations enable buildings to produce part of their own energy sustainably, reducing their reliance on external sources and contributing to the goal of creating nearly zero-energy buildings. The materials combining energy generation and storage are starting to open up new possibilities for eco-efficient architecture.
Thermochromic materials
One of the most promising advances in improving the energy efficiency of buildings is thermochromic cement, a material that changes color depending on the outside temperature. This cement, developed with heat-sensitive pigments, darkens in cold weather to absorb more sunlight and is lightened in warm environments to reflect heat. This property makes it possible to regulate the surface temperature of buildings, reducing the internal heating and cooling expenses.
Its application can also extend the lifespan of materials by decreasing wear caused by thermal fluctuations and mitigating the environmental impact in the process.
Nanomaterials and ultralight materials
Nanomaterials are gaining ground in construction due to their capacity to improve the properties of conventional materials such as concrete, steel, and glass. These nanoscale materials enhance strength and lightness, enabling the construction of larger and safer structures using less material.
A notable example is synthetic spider silk, which is five times stronger than steel and has applications ranging from bulletproof vests to structural components that require high strength and low weight. Thermoplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), are other lightweight materials already used in 3D printing for manufacturing construction components while reducing production times and costs.
Future challenges and perspectives
Despite their clear advantages, the mass adoption of smart materials faces some challenges. The costs are generally higher than with traditional materials, which limits their use, especially in low-budget projects. The compatibility with conventional construction systems and the need for specific regulations to regulate their use represent obstacles that must be overcome.
However, as technology progresses and prices decrease, we are likely to see a broader adoption of these components. The development of self-repairing, biocompatible materials with energy-generating capabilities heralds a future where cities are more sustainable, resilient, and self-sufficient.
